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The answer to this could easily expand to thesis-size, however some basic differences you might be interested in are:
- Linux uses Linus Torvalds's kernel ; other UNIXes & UNIX-like OSes use other kernels. The kernel is the heart of the operating system and controls the hardware, while the "distribution" - ie Redhat, Caldera, etc) is the operating system's "coating" containing commands, drivers, utilities, etc. This coating is the interface between you and the kernel. This is why you'll occasionally see "GNU/Linux" or "Debian/Linux" as the OS discription. BTW, its my understanding that Mac OSX is basically "Aqua" - Apple's GUI - with a Free/NetBSD-derived kernel.
- "Linux" development is more distributed than other UNIXes in that the kernel and the "distributions" are developed by separate groups: Most other UNIX/UNIX-like OSes have centralized development of the entire OS. There are pros and cons to both strategies: distributed development can be faster but lead to OS instability and software incompatabilies; centralized development can be slower but often results in fewer instabilites, etc.
- "Linux" distributions and the kernel are governed by the GNU Public License (GPL) which stipulates that you can freely modify & sell (for profit) the software as long as all changes are made freely available. This is why you can freely download most any flavor of "Linux". Other UNIX/UNIX-like OSes vary as to the governing license: SUN Solaris is freely available for non-commercial/non-modifiable use but without the source code. Alternately, Free/Open/NetBSD are governed by the BSD license and are freely available for ANY use - source code included - WITHOUT the stipluation that you publicly release any modifications you make. This makes them more attactive then Linux to developers of embedded applications.I'm sure others could elaborate - extensively - on this answer, but I think this highlights the differences most end users would be interested in.
Cheers,
Beaker

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